Sending goods from one country to another can be risky, and for this reason, the International Chamber of Commerce was established in Paris in 1920. For the first time in 1933, during a meeting in the city of Vienna in its 7th Congress, this chamber printed and compiled uniform regulations and then published regulations for other cases such as collection documents, shipping documents, insurance, etc. In 1936, for the first time, the terms governing commerce were established, which became known as INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE TERMS = INCOMERMS. In 1980, the International Chamber of Commerce specified the terms and basics of trade in publication 345, and in 1990, publication 460 was published with a revision of Incoterms. Publication No. 560 was published on 01/01/2000, the provisions of which have been the criteria for banks' actions since that date, and amendments and adjustments are applied to it every year, the latest version of which is April 14, 2010.
Incoterms 2000 consists of 13 titles and is divided into four groups E, F, C, D.
Group E
In this group, the seller delivers the goods to the buyer at his workplace. In this section, the seller has nothing to do with freight. A clear example in this group is EXWORKS, which is the best method for the seller and the worst type for the buyer.
Group F
In this group, the seller delivers the goods to the carrier. For example, the delivery of goods at the port of origin without paying the shipping fee, in this section, shipping can be done by ship, truck, and in some cases by plane. In this group, the buyer will be responsible for concluding the transport contract.
FOB (FREE ON BOARD), FAS (FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP) , FCA (FREE CARRIER) are included in this group.
Group C
In this group, the seller must conclude a contract of carriage, without assuming the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional costs resulting from the events that occur after the shipment of the goods.
CFR (COST AND FREIGHT) , CIF (COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT) , CPT (CARRIAGE PAID TO) , CIP (CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO) are included in this group.
Group D
This group is less used in Iran. All responsibilities and defined costs until bringing the goods to the destination country are the responsibility of the seller.
DAF (DELIVERD AT FORNTIER) , DES (DELIVERED EX SHIP) , DEQ (DELIVERED EX QUAY) , DDU (DELIVERED DUTY UNPAID) , DDP (DELIVERED DUTY PAID) are among the types of this section.
| All shipping methods | EXW | Delivery of goods to the buyer at the origin without export clearance |
| FCA | Delivery of the goods to the carrier at the designated place in the country of origin | |
| CPT | Payment of freight for the goods without insurance to the destination by the seller | |
| CIP | Payment of freight and insurance of the goods to the destination by the seller | |
| DAT | Delivery of goods to the buyer at the destination (terminal) | |
| DAP | Delivery of the goods to the buyer at the designated place of destination | |
| DDP | Delivery of goods from the seller to the buyer at the designated place at the destination with clearance and payment of taxes and import duties | |
| Sea Transportation | ||
| FAS | Delivery of goods from the seller to the buyer next to the ship or vessel (on the dock or dock) in the port of origin | |
| FOB | Delivery of goods on the ship at the origin | |
| CFR | The price of goods and fare to the destination port | |
| CIF | The price of goods, insurance and fare to the destination port |